We used the documentary method to bring out results related to the first objective. The objectives of the study were: 1) to make insights on the North China leopard in distribution, threats, conservation and population status 2) to characterize the spatiotemporal coexistence of the North China leopard, the leopard cat and the red fox in one season of data collection and depict effects of environmental factors on species’ site occupation 3) to make a multi-year assessment of occupancy, detection and coexistence across three years and evaluate anthropogenic disturbances on carnivores estimates 4) to analyse the threats of invasive species, including humans, livestock, and domestic dogs, on native carnivore in spatiotemporal patterns. This study focused on analysing the coexistence patterns of the North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis), the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in a human-dominated landscape, the Tieqiaoshan Natural Reserve (TNR), and to provide insights for implications of carnivores conservation. Studies on carnivores’ niche have been an important ecological topic for a long time as carnivore species are crucial in the functioning of ecosystems. Knowledge of interspecific interactions may improve the effectiveness of management aimed at conserving the increasingly threatened wild cat community.Ĭarnivores have always undergone interspecific and intraspecific threats that seem tough to detect since carnivore studies often rely on passive sampling when investigating spatiotemporal threats or interactions with human activities. We identified six mechanisms promoting coexistence of central Sumatra cats. Temporally, species more similar in size, or with similar-sized prey, had lower overlap, suggesting temporal avoidance. We found little evidence of spatial avoidance among cats at camera sites. ![]() Leopard cat presence covaried with the photo-trap rate of tigers, whereas the presence of tigers covaried with the photo-trap rate of non-cat carnivores. Clouded leopard presence covaried positively with altitude. Site use by tigers and leopard cats negatively covaried with distance to protected areas. The five cats used statistically different elevations, with golden cats found at highest elevation. We placed camera traps at elevations ranging from 6 to 460 m above sea level. Spatially, cat distributions varied among forest types, within the sampling blocks and across elevation. ![]() Four cats were present in all sampling blocks and one sampling block had all five cats. We photographed five cat species: Sumatran tigers, Sunda clouded leopards, Asiatic golden cats, marbled cats and leopard cats. We also used two-species co-occurrence models to assess spatial overlap and used kernel density estimates on circular data to assess temporal overlap between species pairs. We developed occupancy models assessing probability of site use by each cat based on (1) photo-trap rates of other species at the same locations and (2) landscape-level factors extracted from geographic information systems. We investigated ecological characteristics and spatial and temporal overlap among cats in central Sumatra using data from systematic and opportunistic camera trapping in five major forest blocks. Many are globally threatened and yet their ecology is poorly understood. You may register Internet Download Manager for a special price.At least six species of wild cats live in Sumatra. Install the downloaded version of IDM over your current version to repair it! Now you need to repair your installation of IDM: We don't offer any support for cracked versions of IDM, also all updates for cracked versions are disabled. They freeze, crash, download files with errors, and may hang up computers.Ĥ. Modified and cracked versions of IDM work unstable. You may send all patches and cracks to to verify it.ģ. They inject they own tools and turn the computers of users into zombies which send spam.Īlso hackers use these computer for all their illegal activities. Note that hackers do not crack programs for free. Cracked IDM versions and patches contain viruses and trojan programs. ![]() If you are caught, it may lead to years of imprisonment in many countries.Ģ. It's called software piracy, and it's the same as stealing. Please find below what you need to know about non genuine or cracked versions of IDM:ġ. If you cannot update IDM using "Help->Check for updates." menu item, then you are not using a genuine copy of IDM! You are using an old or corrupted version of IDM, please update IDM to the latest version using "Help->Check for updates." menu item.
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